Kawl Siangpahrang paoh hi ram uktu an si chungah pura pa khat ser le khualipi(capital) pakhat lengmang an ser ti hi a tanglei an riantuannak tuanbia in a lang. AD 1044 kum ah a voi khatnak Anawratha Siangpahrang a rak si i Bagan khua kha Kawl ram khualipi(capital) ah a ser. AD 1056 kum ah Anawratha nih Thatong khua cu a laak i (ax&0g&) Budhism biaknak ser dingin (&Sift&H) phungki kha pagan khua ah a tlunpi. AD 1084-1167 kum ah Kyansittha le Alawngsithu thawng in Bagan khuapi cu an min a rak thang ngai. AD 1287 kum ah Mongolia ram in Siangpahrang Kubalaikhan nih Bagan khuapi kha a tuk i a hmasa bik Kawl Siangpahrang chan kha a dih. Hi lio chan ahhin Mon pawl nih Moktama(Martaban) khuapi an dirh ve. AD 1312 kum ah Shan Siangpahrang pawl nih Pinya khua kha khuapi ah an ser than. AD 1315 kum ah Sagaing khua kha khuapi ah an ser than. Ad 1364 kum ah Pinya le Sagaing kha an rawk i Shan Siangpahrang pawl nih Innwa(Ava) kha khuapi ah an ser. AD 1369 kum ah Mon pawl nih an khualipi Hamsa-waddi kha(Bago-Pegu) ah an thial. AD 1385-1425 kum, kum 40 chung hi Innwa le Bago ral an ido. AD 1433 kum ah Rakhine(Arakanese) pawl nih Mrauk-U kha khualipi ah an hun ser ve. AD 1453-1472 kum ah Bago Siangpahrang Shinsawpu a rak kai. AD 1472-1492 kum tiang kha Dhammazadi Siangpahrang chan asi. AD 1519 kum khan, Portugese paw nih Moktama ah chawleh-chawhrawl duh in an rak phan cang. AD 1531 kum ah Thabinshwehti Siangpahrang nih Taungoo chan a tho than tikah Kawl-siangpahrang chan a voi hnihnak (Second Burmese Empire) timi aa thawk than i Bago cu khualipi ah a ser nolh. AD 1550-1581 kum tiang hi Bayintnawng Siangpahrang chan asi i Thailand ram (Chiangmai) le Ayuthia tiang a laak ruangah a kau deuh. AD 1600-1613 kum in Portugal mi Philip Dhebrito nih Thanlyin(Syriam) ah Siangpahrang a rak tuan i Kawl biaknak a nautat ruangah an thah. AD 1635 kum ah khualipi Bago kha Innwa(Ava) ah an thial. AD 1709 kum ah British, France le Dutch pawl nih kawlram he chawleh-chawhrawl nak an tuah. AD 1752 kum ah Mon pawl nih Kawl khualipi Ava khua an laak i Kawlram a voi hnihnak Siangpahrang chan a dih ai. AD 1755 kum ah Alaungphaya Siangpahrang nih a voi thumnak kawlram (Third Burmese Empire) a dirh i Shwebo khua kha khualipi ah a ser. AD 1760 kum ah Alaungphaya nih Mon pawl kha a tuk hna i Innwa le Dagon tiang a laak hna, Cutikah Dagon cu Yangon tiah min a thlen . Asullam cu 'ral a dih cang' (end of strife) tinak asi. AD 1767 kum ah Kawl Siangpahrang nih Ayukthia kha a laak. AD 1783 kum ah Sinphyusin Siangpahrang nih Amarapura ah Kawl khualipi kha a thial. Amarapura sullam cu 'a dih kho lo mi khuapi'(city of immortality) tinak asi. AD 1785 kum ah Bodawhpaya Siangpahrang nih Rakhine ram a laak. AD 1813 kum ah Dr.Adoniram Judson cu Christian Missionary tuan dingah Kawlram a rak phan hmasa bik asi. AD 1919 kum ah Bagyidaw Siangpahrang a kai i , Mah chan lio ahhin Kawl le Mirang an i ral, AD 1824-1826 kum chungah Mirang le Kawl Siangpahrang an idoh hmasa bik asi i Yandapo(Rendesvous) sachoh an tuah ah Rakhine(Arakan le Thaninthary(Tenesserim) Mirang kut a phan. AD 1852-1853 kum chungah Mirang le Kawl a voi hnihnak ral an i doh asi i Kawl ram thlanglei vial cu mirang kut a phan than. AD 1853-1878 kum chungah Mindonmin Siangpahrang a rak kai i, AD 1857 kum ah Mandalay khua kha Kawlram khualipi ah a ser. AD 1871-1872 kum ah Vawlei cung Buddhish biaknak caukpi Tripitaka(Tree Baskets) a dihlak in lungpher 729 cungah an tial i, Mandalay tlanghram ah an phun. Cucu Vawlei cungah cauk ngan bik tiah minthang a si. AD 1877 kum ah Theebaw Siangpahrang a kai. AD 1885 kum ah Mirang nih Kawl ram cu a voi thumnak ral an tuk i a tei ca'h Theebaw Siangpahrang le a nupi cu India ram ah1885 Dec 5 ni in an kalpi hna. 1886 Jan 1 ni thawk in Kawl ram cu India uknak tangah fonhchih asi i Yangon(Rangoon) khua cu Kawlram khualipi ah an ser. AD 1886- 1895 kum tiang hi Kawl ram chaklei pawl nih Mirang pawl kha ( guerilla warfare) in an rak doh ve hna. AD 1906 kum ah Young Men's Buddist Association(YMBA) ti'n miphun tanh lungthin ngeihnak caah an rak dirh. 1920 October thla ah General Council of Burmese Association(GCBA) ti'n mahte ram uk halnak an tuah. 1920 December thla ah University sianghngakchia pawl nih Mirang uk duh lonak (boycott) an tuah. AD 1923 kum ah Diachy uknak in an kan uk. 1930 May 30 ah (dkdU Armtpnf;t&Hk;) an tuah, December thla in Saya San nih a hruai hna i Ayedawpone(rebellion) an thawk , 1932 kum tiang an tuah. AD 1937 kum in Kawl ram uk nak kha India he fonh ti loin a dangin an kan uk. AD 1938-1939 kum ah Alawakah Thakhin Pho Hlah Gyi hruai mi zinan-khurco riantuantu pawl nih 1300 Ayedawpone an tuah i an min a thang. AD1941 kum ah Japan pawl nih Kawlram kha a tuk i December 26 ni in Kawl ram luattertu ralkap Burma Independence Army(BIA) an dirh. 1942 July 27 ni ah BIA kha Burma Defence Army (BDA) tiah an thlen. AD 1943-1945 kum tiang Japan nih a kan uk i 1943 kum ah Emulation Democracy ( zalonnak adeu ) an kan pek. 1945 March 27 ni in Fascist Resistance tiin Japan pawl kha an doh than hna. Mah March 27 ni hi Tahlanyi i an rak ti nain a tu ahcun Ralkap ni an ti cang. 1945 June 15 ah Japan pawl cu thawl dih an si. 1945 October 16 ni in mirang pawl nih an kan uk than. 1947 January 27 ni ah Kawl ram luatnak ding sachoh timi AungSan -Attlee sachoh an tuah. 1947 Febuary 6-12 tiang Kawl, Shan , Kachin le Chin miphun hna rualremnak le i komhnak lehmah kha Panglong Agreement (yifvHkpmesKyf) an tuah. 1947 July 19 ni ah General AungSan le ram hruaitu pawl 6 (Interim Government) an thah hna. 1947 Oct 17 ni ah Nu-Attlee sachoh an tuah nolh. CHERHCHAN : THINTHANG MEKAZIN VOL 1/ No 2, November 2008, p.90-93